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Bicycle mechanical background and retail sales background Assists store manager in recruiting, hiring, and training and develops a motivated team Knowledge and experience in using computer systems Maintains high stock keeping and housekeeping standards in store, shop, and stockroom Insures proper inventory levels in the shop area Delivers on all performance measures consistently, hour utilization, average repair time, inventory accuracy, add-on sales Utilizes good judgment to plan and accomplish goals Ability to solve practical problems and deal with situations where there will be various paths to best solution, based on experience, brand development, customer satisfaction, and profitability Demonstrates exceptional customer satisfaction skills, resolves conflicts and issues in a timely manner for mutual benefit at store level Excellent communication skills, both written and verbal.
Computer savvy 50 wpm Microsoft Excel proficient Great interpersonal skills Experience and interest in Photoshop, Photography or Marketing. Construction and demolition of mock-up test assemblies Small, intermediate, and large scale specimen preparation Assist with client product installation when needed. Technical school or vocational school graduated or above Have at least 1 years mechanical parts assembly experience Have basic knowledge of mechanical drawing Have basic knowledge of elec Have basic knowledge of 5S.
Responsible for manufacturing consistently high quality product in accordance with Boston Scientific manufacturing procedures and quality standards Proactively promotes safety across the site Leaving Certificate or equivalent required HETAC Level 5 Previous work experience in Medical Device or Pharmaceutical environments is desirable Strong aptitude for operating equipment in a GMP environment Have the ability to work as part of a team and demonstrate a strong motivation towards teamwork Must have demonstrated computer literacy Excellent attention to detail Be a self starter, a quick learner and have a positive and enthusiastic attitude whilst driving our continuous improvement culture.
Will interchange and train in both builder and operator positions of the Clamp Crew Responsible for inspecting incoming and outgoing product to prevent bad product leaving the clamp area Track and record all daily production activity. In partnership with the sales team, formulate and execute a sales strategy to drive the adoption of AWS Attract, hire, on-board, train, and develop new Solutions Builders, Tech Writers, and Project Managers from internal and external sources Coach Solutions Builders in the skills needed to conduct one-to-few and one-to-many training sessions so they can transfer deep technical skills to customers who are considering or using AWS Capture and share best-practice knowledge across the AWS community Guide and motivate the development of solutions briefs, implementation guides, first call decks, demos, and other high-value customer facing guidance and innovative architectural solutions Experience deploying large-scale production quality systems Public speaking experience at technical meetups and conferences Familiarity with common enterprise services Directory Services, Information Assurance, Virtual Desktop, etc.
Strong written communication skills High level of comfort communicating effectively across customer and internal AWS organizations. Maintains clean room standards according to standard operating procedure Is responsible for quality and adherence to manufacturing process requirements Records information on shop floor paperwork and maintains accurate records Maintains up to date training. Strong sales ability Ability to analyze financial information Experience working with contractors and developers.
The database would also include the contractors who perform tile work, the amount of tile being used, and all other relevant builder information. Reviews, monitors, and tracks product usage by builders and provide follow-up data to National GM Has a total working knowledge of all of our marketing support materials and how they can best be utilized. Fabrication, assembly, and welding of iron and steel materials Demolition and clean-up Construction experience Experience working with equipment and tools related to construction and demolition Must be able to work at heights up to 60 feet Must have a valid driver’s license and clean driving record.
Understands and adheres to safety policies and practices to maintain a clean, safe and health conscious work environment Builds product by following all processes in which certified and completing other assigned work, while meeting manufacturing goals and metrics Maintains up to date training. Ability to perform simple calculations using a calculator Able to pay attention to detail High manual dexterity and ability to use tools such as, microscope, soldier iron, tweezers etc Ability to work overtime as required.
Inspect base surface for obstructions Uses carpentry hand tools such as hammers, levels, squares, screw drivers, adjustable wrenches, hand and power saws, drill motors and pry bars Secures scaffolding to permanent structure by tying Erects scaffolding for buildings and other structures and installs ladders, handrails,. Implementation of Client benefit plans into QualCare system through targeted plan building procedures Revision of benefit plan design as needed to update for Client changes and ensure accurate and consistent benefit design within the organizational network Ongoing testing of benefit plan designs to ensure accuracy within the system Works closely with Auditor and Trainer to facilitate benefit processes Assists in identifying issues outside of the scope of plan building nuances of plan and uses a proactive approach to facilitate the claims and member services process Reviews completed plan building with department supervisor Provides assistance to client base to resolve benefit plan design issues Prioritizes assignments to ensure timely implementation of benefit plans.
Loads and unloads materials onto or from pallets, trucks or customer vehicles and installs strapping, bracing or padding to prevent shifting or damage in transit Performs load-building, determining the appropriate weight, composition, and placement of load based on customer order and capacity of delivery vehicle to ensure load is balanced and safe for hauling Reads work order or follows oral instructions to determine materials to be moved or loaded Conveys materials to or from storage to designated area using hand truck, electric dolly, forklift or other device Opens containers, units, slings and loads, using steel cutters, crowbar, claw-hammer or other hand tools Attaches identifying tags or labels to materials or marks information on cases, bales or other containers so as to provide for correct identification of items.
Perform a variety of duties which may change often Perform arithmetical operations rapidly and accurately See detail in objects or drawings as 3-dimensionsl objects. A in Computer Science, IT-related discipline, or four years relevant computer programming experience after degrees in Engineering or other related disciplines. This level may be achieved by practitioners with 8 years of experience since related Bachelor’s degree or 7 years since Master’s degree Non-degreed practitioners must demonstrate at least six years of direct experience in lieu of degree.
Should possess excellent interpersonal, technical writing and communications skills. Must work a full-time schedule and overtime as required Must have basic computer skills Obtain and Maintain forklift license. Studies specifications to plan on basis of starting and completion times and staffing for each phase of construction Adjusts personnel and equipment resources as needed to resolve construction problems and to avoid delays Manages on-site trailer area, all under construction home sites, completed unsold home sites, vacant lots and community as a whole such that all are kept clean and marketable at all times.
Coordinates with jurisdictional agencies, utility companies, consultants, design engineers, surveyors and subcontractors Schedules pre-engineering, pre-construction and joint utility meetings Prepares construction documents Establishes and implements government agency compliance e. Firm dedication to the company values I Am EPIC — Integrity, Agility, Excellence, Passion, Innovation, Community Contribute to an atmosphere of creativity and collaboration among team members and across departments and projects Have a fire for inbound marketing and a desire to get better every day Have a drive to be the most productive link builder on your team.
Minimum one year of mortgage loan origination Well-developed sales ability Basic knowledge of pricing and underwriting requirements of various mortgage insurance companies Basic knowledge of local, state and national laws e. Roof repairs to slate and asphalt coverings Hard Landscaping to include all types of paving Brick laying Decorating Plumbing. Coordinates assigned work with work of different crafts, departments or other contractors Assists in resolving construction problems lack of productivity, work interfaces etc.
Pattern shop; ability to sand and buff patterns to required finish Lamination shop; ability to laminate molds following documented lamination specification with focus on rolling out air to ensure mold quality Class A shop; ability to sand and buff production and tooling gel surfaces to required finish Must have the ability to be trained in each Department as required Must be dynamic and have the willingness to move around between each department on a daily or weekly basis to meet the demands of a flexible schedule Ensure that work area is clean, orderly and safe at all times Ability to perform other duties as required; production support, cut up and disposal of patterns, etc Ability to spray tooling and production gelcoats Detailed wood working experience; ability to fabricate patterns and mock ups from engineering prints All aspects of metal working and welding Welding certification, torch and plasma cutting, Mig and Tig welding, pipe bending, print reading, metal cutting machines.
Bachelor’s degree in Engineering plus 16 years of engineering experience and 4 years management experience required Experience in the management and implementation of large multi-disciplinary engineering transportation projects, business development and staff supervision preferred State of OK Professional Engineer P. Reads printed bulk load sheets to determine products needed to fulfill the order Pulls appropriate quantity and type of products for the order by hand from shelving and places in rolling carts or on racks as necessary and prepares for shipment Pulls bulk load mats and prepares for shipment Uses pallet jack or forklift to move product to staging area or loading dock Double checks orders and performs detailed sorting Ensures all products are staged according to correct route and in the most efficient manner for truck loading Not Applicable.
Abide by all safety and housekeeping rules and regulations Read and understand build sheets Use SAP system to scan in build sheets and clock numbers Assemble and disassemble cabinets Understand and know what all components of the cabinets are and their functionality Visual inspection of all components Required to lift up to 33lbs Perform daily lift inspections Help maintain 5S standards in the build area and the whole department Perform daily housekeeping tasks Basic mechanical ability Basic knowledge of and ability to be trained in the use of various hand and power tools Ability to be trained and certified in the operation of gas and battery powered lift equipment Organizational and communication skills Strong orientation toward quality, safety and continuous improvement demonstrated by a work history.
Self-starter and a team player. Ensure merchandise is presented according to IKEA standards and is properly labeled and signed Ensure your area of responsibility provides visitors with a positive shopping experience by: looking through the eyes of the customer; sharing product benefits and information; ensuring the ease of shopping and instant gratification and meeting the IKEA Basic Merchandising standards everyday, throughout the day with visual display’s, general routines and housekeeping of the highest standard Maximize efficiency within your area of responsibility without impacting levels of service to the customer or safety standards Support all marketing and in-store activities utilizing these as an opportunity to proactively drive sales in your area of responsibility.
Effectively communicate, manage and track all business objectives and initiatives through our CRM software Developing and implementing plans, sales campaigns and programs necessary to deliver the required sales growth for the market Managing and maintaining the existing customer base Manage all selling and promotional expense budgets for assigned territory Effectively administer complaint program resolutions in the residential builder market Train customer sales reps on Armstrong’s products so they can sell and recommend Armstrong to their customers A strong track record of achievement; Experience as a top performer with outstanding result Desire to sell a great brand and great products within an appropriate spectrum of price range Demonstrated ability and experience to effectively manage multiple relationships and priorities Valid US driver’s license.
Able to read and build from hardware templates Position specified door rails, patch fitting or a combination of the two together to form the finished door size Check all hardware in via packaging slips. Match orders with the correct Purchase Order Number Measure glass width, height, holes and notches with a tape measure Attach metal to glass panel to form finished dimensions using hand tools Mark hardware with job and customer name Install locks, pivots, endcaps, weatherstripping May have to fabricate some metal Proper packaging of products.
Secure and protect the metal and glass by using cardboard, tape and shrinkwrap Be able to stack jobs on skid, then tag it to move to the proper location Must do inspections on all necessary items. Do quality checks on parts after fabrication. Inspect and clean glass door panels which may include buffing out scratches Must produce in a timely manner. Must be versatile and able to change jobs on demand due to remakes or hot orders Will train in other departments as needed Required to keep area clean as a part of the Safety Initiative.
Accomplishing sales budgets and initiatives A Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree preferred The ability to learn quickly. SMAW welding experience Must be able to read and understand blueprints and build accordingly Coursework in shop, mechanics, math and general construction a plus Must be able to lift up to 75 pounds. Frame and insulate floors Use of air tools and some hand tools preferred Read tape measure a must Comfortable in a fast pace job Requires heavy lifting. Needs to be extremely detailed orientated, will be working with small and large components Be able to obtain and maintaining all required safety certifications associated to the implant service center area including hazardous waste removal Obtaining and maintaining all other required certifications Complete nonstandard activities based on engineering guidance Capable of lifting 25 pounds or more Operate high pressure wet slurry blaster as well as hand scrub parts with multitude of different chemicals Perform preventive maintenance on lab tools Order spare parts and complete tracking cost sheets Train others as directed.
Update training manuals and spec documents Must have a high degree of judgment and initiative is required in resolving complex nonstandard problems and developing recommendations Normally receives general instructions on routine work and detailed instructions on new work Be able to work compressed 12 hour shifts Should possess an AA degree in a Science discipline Comfortable working with multiple types of hand tools Vacuum Knowledge.
Responsible for quality and adheres to manufacturing process requirements, the Boston Scientific Corporation Quality Policy and the Strategic Quality Process SQP Demonstrates a basic understanding of Lean Manufacturing and related principles Willing to flex and rotate as necessary and work well with all group members, both within the team and cross-functionally Maintains accurate records, including training files and shop floor paperwork SFP Willing to participate in Shared Responsibility tasks and responsibilities Understands and follows all BSC and site specific policies and procedures Responsible for attending and passing all core required BSC and site specific training i.
Operates and maintains tools and equipment Identifies, isolates, and repairs any defects on the surface and subsurface of the fiberglass hull or small parts Cleans and fills vent holes and pour holes Finishes the weld on the gunnels and transom Finishes gelcoat blemishes and defects to match the surrounding gelcoat surface Handles and disposes of chemicals safely and according to procedures Perform housekeeping and maintenance in finishing area.
Assembles mattress units per established work instructions using a variety of pneumatic tools e. Must have working knowledge of all processes in assigned area.
Builds product as necessary by following all processes in which certified in their most current revision , while meeting manufacturing goals and metrics Demonstrates, promotes and suggests ideas for Lean Manufacturing and other continuous improvement initiatives.
Takes an active leadership role in developing and driving Lean activities, including Born Lean strategies Maintains accurate records, including shop floor paperwork SFP , work requests and site specific documentation.
Consistently monitors team records to ensure accuracy Understands and ensures compliance of BSC and site-specific policies and procedures Responsible for attending and passing all required core BSC and site-specific training i. Effectively communicate lead and project information Prepare professional presentations in person and electronically Maintain continued learning of product features and benefits, marketing tools, warranty details, sample types, and presentation tools and relevant technology Demonstrate the ability to develop leads via use all available sources including salesforce.
Assembles box spring units per established work instructions using a variety of pneumatic tools e. Operates forklift with foot and hand controls Safely load lumber and building materials into storage facilities.
Temperature variations and inclement weather are real aspects of the work environment. Must be able to lift up to lbs. Frequently works overtime during peak business months Minimum experience required—Up to 6 months experience in building materials or manufacturing facility or similar operating environment. High school student or graduate Business office courses or experience preferred Business college training is desirable No experience required Posses the ability to make independent decisions when circumstances warrant such action Possess the ability to deal tactfully with department heads as well as with vendors Must possess the ability to prioritize responsibilities and handle multiple projects simultaneously.
Completion of secondary education with a pass in English Moderate level of digital literacy and knowledge of multiple software systems Basic principles of mathematics and physics such as motion and momentum Surveying principles and application Practical application of mining operations, and procedures preferred but not essential Moderate knowledge of software systems to manage and optimise processes Moderate level of Automation exposure with suitable experience in either industrial, civil, aviation, defence or mining e.
Some areas of expertise include. Plans, lay out and performs all fabrication and assembly operations necessary to build, alter, repair and maintain complicated jigs and fixtures where considerable skill and knowledge of tooling practice and application is required Works from complicated drawings and specifications to develop jigs or fixtures, determines material requirements, lays out and determines any information lacking on the print or specification, makes calculations necessary to develop required information and data.
Prepares any sketches necessary to machine, weld or assemble the various parts of tools Completes tool in specified location, checks main tooling points, hinges and other location lines. Adjusts control points to coordinate with master gauges May perform developmental work proceeding with own conception in absence of designs and specifications but will review progress intermittently with supervision.
Assumes responsibility for quality workmanship and dimensional accuracy Checks and sets production jigs and fixtures with aid of such equipment as master gauges and optical tooling, for correct alignment, level and location of tooling points. Building a resume that is perfectly in tune with the specific announcement will help your application score more points in the competition.
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A n added advantage is that perio- dical surveys will indicate fully the changes in vegetation trends induced either artificially or by natural causes. Photo-interpretation is in itself a specialized task; its extension to tropical studies for ecological purposes will necessitate expert knowledge not only in the technical field of photo-interpretation but also in the ecological background which will enable one to recognize the boundaries between ecological types and correlate the photographic information with ground studies.
The techniques most suitable for this purpose, especially the extent and methods of sampling which should be adop- ted, are being studied in some countries but no precise and acceptable methods have yet been found which can be readily applied to a variety of tropical conditions.
The first step in this direction is the documentation and analysis of all important work done in this field. This can be most efficiently handled by a central bureau of tropical ecological research which could be set up by an international organization such as Unesco or F A O. This bureau should also be in a position to advise on special techniques required for ecological studies based on aerial photography, if necessary providing the funds and equipment to faci- litate such studies.
At the same time, the importance of more exhaustive ground studies based on sound ecological methods which include sampling must be stressed, although it should be appreciated that the purely quantitative approach, as demonstrated by such workers as Ashby [1], Blackman [3] and Clapham [8] has only limited appli- cation, and that therefore, empirical methods of study on certain standardized and recognized lines must be followed.
Such studies could advantageously be carried out by foresters in the course of the examination of forests for the preparation of working plans, as is now being done in many tropical countries. In fact, many working plans contain a wealth of detail on vegetation studies and mapping which are not as a rule available to the ordinary worker. Unfortunately, the ecological approach to forestry, particularly in unworked tropical forests, has not yet received proper recognition.
W h a t is the status of the patanas as compared to Nilgiris grasslands? The Nilgiris grasslands are definitely biotic—controlled and with a hiotic origin—but it has n o w become almost impossible to bring them into an effective forest cover. There have been several studies on the grass- lands of the Nilgiris, including one made by Ranganathan, which indicate that belief in their biotic origin is not completely acceptable.
There are two views on the origin of the patanas which were referred to in m y paper and which have been dealt with in detail in published papers by myself and Holmes. This is a subject which has necessarily to be dealt with in some detail. The attention of the symposium was drawn to the important special edaphic factors producing these types. IS it true that Ceylon is a country with a great variety of climate but a relatively small variety of soils?
If so, could this be the reason w h y M r. These associated studies indicate that there is close correlation between recognized forest communities and soils which have been classified for this purpose into series. Such a correlation however does not suggest that edaphic variations are the primary reason for vegetational changes of types. O n the contrary, they are largely induced by biotic influences. The main climatic factor complexes can be considered as being those which determine the composition and occurrence of forest communities.
I have tried to show in one of m y papers that the two con- cepts of monoclimax and polyclimax are not necessarily incom- patible but can be correlated closely by a careful analysis of the concepts and corresponding terminology. I have used the monoclimax terminology because it appears to fit in more closely with vegetational types in Ceylon.
M y experience of forest vegetation had led m e to accept the monoclimax theory but m y recent experience in the Rajasthan Desert has converted m e to the polyclimax theory, for under the same climate one has got the dense growth of vegetation on the rocks and below it the sparse vegetation of the sands.
Paris , vol. Dis- persion as a factor in the study of changes in plant popu- lations”, Ann. Plant sociology: the study of plant communities. Fuller and H. Ceylon Ass. Agriculturist Ceylon , vol. Ceylon Ass, Adv. Note Can. Wyatt-Smith, Malaya J. Botany, Forestry , B. Henderson, that of genus Calophyllumas as represented in the Malay Peninsula; at present working on the family Dipterocarpaceae as represented in North Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak, carrying out ecological studies of lowland tropical rain forest in Malaya.
This is especially the case with regard to the specific determination of m a n y of the species, in view of the comparatively limited taxonomic knowledge of the very rich tree flora. Further, the foresters’ interest lies as m u c h with the regeneration of the economic species as with the mature trees, and this in itself is a study even more complex than the identification and classification of adult trees.
Wi th such a rich and imperfectly k n o w n tree flora and because of the pheno- m e n o n that closely related species, often whole genera and sometimes families, have timber of the same quality, the Forest Department is quite satisfied in any enumeration carried out to lump together all species of k n o w n timber affinity. In addition, the Department is considerably more concerned with studying the development of the forests of the future, and even comparatively aged forests in which all unwanted stems of uneconomic species are poisoned after exploitation, than with natural forest which, except in specially preserved areas, will be fundamentally changed after exploitation and silvi- cultural treatment.
Almost complete air cover of the Malay Peninsula exists on a scale of approximately 6 inches to the mile. This has been carried out by the Royal Air Force for security purposes, and as more recent cover is obtained permission is generally granted for release of the earlier material to interested parties such as the Forest Department. A forest resources m a p of Malaya exists on a scale of 12 miles to an inch.
This shows mangrove forest, forest reserve below the 1, feet contour produc- tive forest , forest reserve above the 1, feet contour protective forest , alienated land under tree crops, alienated land under short-term crops, areas of mining leases, and, as an overlay, areas of peat and alluvial deposits.
About 74 per cent of Malaya is 6till under forest cover and, except for the small state of Perlis, the islands of Langkawi and a small portion of north- west Kedah where the flora has a Burmese-Thailand element, the lowland forest is typical dipterocarp rain forest of the tropical lowland evergreen rain forest formation [8].
N o detailed vegetation m a p of Malaya exists. The figures in bracket! In addition, prior to exploitation, a milliacre survey of the economic regeneration and frequently also an enumeration of the timber crop 4-foot girth at breast height and over is carried out. The method of carrying out these surveys is described below. In two larger plots each of 5 acres 10 chains by 5 chains all trees have been numbered and remeasured for girth every two years, all trees being incorporated in the plot [5] as they reach the required girth of Milliacre survey of regeneration.
This is a survey, prior to opening of the forest for timber fellings, in which the presence of any seedling chosen as being the best established or most likely to survive of any acceptable timber producing tree included in a list of approved species [1] is recorded in every 10 links square along a transect [transects being usually at 5 or 20 chain intervals 2 per cent or 0.
Enumeration of timber crops. The various broad types of vegetation swamp forest, unexploited dry lowland forest, exploited forest, old secondary growth, young secondary growth, regenerated forest and types of topography ridge top, hill side, flat undulating land, swamp, seasonal swamp, river and riparian fringe are recorded and the “booking” closed and a “new page” opened when a major change is encountered [6].
Linear sampling of pole crop. This survey is carried out in a similar manner to that of the milliacre survey described above, but in quarter-chain squares or half- chain squares depending on the size of the pole crop. Size class and dominance class of the chosen and secon- dary tree if present are recorded together with inci- dence of climbers, dominance by palms and bamboos, etc. In a region where forests are predominant this was unfortunate but with the advent of the Flora Malesiana Foundation this defect is being slowly remedied.
The policy of the Forest Department is to encourage the use of monospecific vernacular names, even to the extent of coining new names, to counter the unfortunate but unavoidable botanical name changes that occur. As far as possible, a binomial vernacular system is used, the “generic” vernacular name being also the timber name of the product produced by that group of species [3, 7], The Dipterocarpaceae is the most important economic timber family and the Malayan species, with the excep- tion of those of the relatively uneconomic genus Vatica, are generally well known to members of the Department in seedling, pole and tree stages [4].
A preliminary study of the genus Calophyllum has recently been completed. The important tree families of Sapotaceae, Burseraceae both by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden and Myristicaceae by the Botanic Gardens, Singapore are being studied at present.
The families Lauraceae, Celastraceae genus Lopho- petalum , Anacardiaceae and Meliaceae require urgent attention. What is the percentage of enumeration required to find out the exact ecological status of a plant community in your country?
N o work has been done on this aspect 1. XIII, p. Types of Malayan vegetation, p. Enumerations usually at 5 per cent level are carried out by the Forest Department in order to determine the volume of timber present and others are carried out at different percentages to determine the amount of regenera- tion of economic species; these are described in m y paper.
XII, p. XVII , p. Richards, United Kingdom P. During the second world war was employed by the Naval Intelligence Division of the Admiralty and by the Ministry of Supply. Chief scientific interests are plant ecology, especially tropical vegetation and the autecology of the British flora, and the taxonomy and ecology of the Bryophyta. T h e problems of tropical ecology appear s o m e w h a t different from those of temperate regions, but are fundamentally similar. Superficially and practically they m a y seem different because the flora of the tropics, above all of the h u m i d forested regions, is immensely richer in species than that of the temperate zone, especially those parts of it which, like Europe , have been impoverished b y glacial periods.
This richness of the tropical flora has important conse- quences. Practically, it m e a n s that tropical plant communities generally have very numerous constituents which are difficult to recognize in the field and often poorly k n o w n taxonomically. A m o r e important conse- quence, which bears directly on the chief aim of this sympos ium, is that in the tropics often, but not inva- riably, there tend to be innumerable slightly different combinations of species rather than the relatively few fairly well defined plant associations to which w e are accustomed in Europe and North America.
A further difference between the h u m i d tropics and most t empe- rate countries is that, though in the former modification of the vegetation b y h u m a n activities is almost universal and often very profound, there are large areas in which it is less severe or at least m u c h m o r e recent than in the latter. T h e apparent distinctness of m a n y European and North American plant associations is probably often due to anthropogenic influences. O n e reason for the apparent lack of clearly recognizable plant asso- ciations in m a n y parts of the tropics m a y thus be the comparatively low intensity and recent incidence of disturbance b y m a n.
In dealing with the problems of classifying and n a m i n g tropical vegetation, as they appear to m e , I should like to refer specifically to t w o h u m i d tropical regions of which I have first-hand knowledge, British Guiana in the north-east of South America and British W e s t Africa.
These t w o areas, though showing fairly c o m p a rabie ranges of climate, are in a n u m b e r of respects very different and m a y be regarded as exemplifying two extreme situations which m a y confront the student of tropical vegetation.
I shall not deal with the plant communities of the whole of the t w o areas but shall confine myself to the m o r e h u m i d types of forest—the tropical rain forest in the broadest sense of the term— since it is with t h e m alone that I can claim a close acquaintance. British Guiana is a country in which the great m a j o – rity of the population, and nearly all the cultivated area, are concentrated in a narrow coastal strip; the interior extends for over kilometres from the coast, but has a very sparse, mainly Amerindian population or is quite uninhabited.
T h e vegetation apart from the coastal strip, is thus comparatively little affected b y m a n and m u c h of it consists of unmodified or only slightly modified climax communities. T h e area in the 43British Guiana and British West Africa neighbourhood of Moraballi Creek on the Essequibo river which was studied by myself and m y colleagues during the Oxford University Expedition to British Guiana in contained no grassland and was wholly forest-covered except for very small patches of shifting cultivation.
Apart from that which, owing to the smallness of the population, was relatively unimportant, the only human activity affecting the vegetation was timber working, consisting at that time of highly selec- tive extraction of greenheart, Ocotea rodiaei Schomb. Mez only. Where the forest showed no traces of former cultivation or of timber working it could be regarded as climax vegetation in equilibrium with the climate and had doubtless existed almost unchanged since a fairly remote geological period.
As the area studied by m y colleagues and myself was not more than a few square kilometres in extent, and had no striking topographical features, it could be assumed to have a uniform climate, apart from very slight microclimatic differences. Differences between plant communities, where not due to shifting cultivation or timber felling, must be due to other factors, presu- mably depending on topography, such as drainage and exposure to wind or edaphic factors.
This being so, it was surprising to m e and not in accordance with the then accepted ideas about tropical vegetation to find that both vegetation and soil were remarkably varied. Distinct and easily recognizable plant communities—I preferred in to use the non-committal term “forest types”—were found and in m a n y cases, though not always, the boundaries between one plant community and the next were sharp.
Each “forest type” was associated with a distinct type of soil, or at least with a distinct combination of soil and topography. I do not intend to embark here on a long descriptive account of the vegetation of Moraballi Creek.
It will be sufficient to say here that in addition to “low bush” secondary forest on sites of former cultivation or timber felling, i. The Mora forest in which the Leguminous species Mora excelsa Benth. Morabukea forest, in which another species of Mora, M.
Mixed forest in which the most abundant tree species were Eschweilera sagotiana Miers, Licania venosa Rusby and Pentaclethra macroloba Willd. The two remaining “forest types”, that dominated by Greenheart, Ocotea rodiaei Schomb. Mez and the Wallaba forest in which Eperua falcata Aubl. Soft Wallaba formed some 67 per cent of the larger trees, occurred respec- tively on brown sand and the peculiar strongly leached “white sand” which the author regards as the tropical lowland equivalent of a temperate podsol.
These five “forest types” form a series and were usually met with in the order given Mora to Wallaba if a transect were made from the river bank to the low plateaus and hill ridges which formed the highest ground in the Moraballi Creek area.
Floristically each “forest type” is distinct, though m a n y species were common to all five of them; the composition of each was fairly constant and charac- teristic. The three central types of the series, Morabukea, Mixed and Greenheart were very similar in compo- sition and virtually all species occurred in all three, though the proportions in which they were present were very different.
The Mora forest and the Wallaba forest, the communities forming the two ends of the series, were strongly differentiated from the other types and each had a number of subordinate species peculiar to itself. There were some structural differences between the five communities in addition to their differences of composition, but they need not be dis- cussed here. Where the soil or topographic conditions charac- teristic of one forest type merged gradually into those characteristic of another, there was also a gradual transition from one community to the other, but where there was an abrupt change of soil conditions, as was the case particularly at the junction of the Green- heart and Wallaba forest, the boundary between two communities could be very sharp.
There is an obvious similarity in the relationship between the Mixed forest and the Greenheart and Wal- laba communities on the one hand and the Morabu- kea and Mora communities on the other, to the state of affairs in the “mixed mesophytic forest” of tem- perate North America where Dr. Lucy Braun has depicted an “undifferentiated” mixed association flanked by “association segregates” with fewer domi- nants occupying steep slopes, outlying geographical areas and other situations where the conditions are presumably non-optimal for the majority of the species.
In a similar way the Mora, Morabukea and Greenheart forest, and possibly even the Wallaba forest, could be regarded as “association segregates” of the Mixed forest.
If a more orthodox terminology than Braun’s is pre- ferred, however, we can regard the Mixed forest as an 1. T h e figures in brackets refer to the bibliography, on page These figures and other data referring to floristic composition were obtained from single sample plots measuring feet metres square c.
Since Fanshawe has made extensive studies of the vegetation of British Guiana which he has summarized in his valuable but unfortunately very brief “Vegetation of British Guiana: a Preliminary Review” [5].
This work helps us to see the plant communities of Moraballi Greek in a wider perspective, It also allows the five primary “forest types” to be placed in the classification of tropical American climax communities which was originally developed by Beard [1, 2] in Trinidad and which Fanshawe has adopted and extended on the basis of his experience in British Guiana.
While I a m myself critical of some features of Beard’s classification and would not wish to accept without question all the assumptions on which it is based, I think it is the most serviceable classification of tropical American vegetation types yet produced and I would like to see it given an extensive trial until ultimately it can be improved or superseded.
According to Beard’ scheme, as extended by Fan- shawe, the Moraballi Creek forest communities belong to three different “formation series” as shown in the list on this page. W h e n I first visited West Africa in I was at once struck by certain great differences from British Guiana, though as has been said already, there is much simila- rity in range of climate.
At its western extremity it is less than kilometres wide further west in Dahomey it disappears altogether , but it widens eastwards; in Nigeria west of the Niger and in the Cameroons it extends some hundreds of kilo- metres from the coast. At its inland margin the forest belt is adjoined by the zone of Guinea savannas.
Perhaps the most important differences between this humid forest belt of Nigeria and that of British Guiana are those dependent on density of population. While the rain forest of British Guiana is almost uninhabited, the forest belt of Nigeria is densely popu- lated and in fact includes some of the most thickly populated areas of the whole country.
Because of this it is not surprising that by far the largest proportion of the forest zone has become either permanent agricul- tural land plantations of cocoa, oil palms, etc. Almost all the remaining forest is Davis and RichardB’ terminology Unit Formation Formation ieriea Morabukea consociation Mixed forest association Gleenheart consociation W aliaba consociation Mora consociation Mora gonggrijpii faciation of mixed rain forest Mixed faciation of mixed lain forest association Ocotea rodiaei faciation of mixed rain forest association Eperua-Eperua association Mora excelsa consociation Rain forest Rain forest Wallaba forest Mora forest Dry evergreen forest Swamp forest Thus in the British Guiana rain forest we have a number of clearly differentiated climax plant asso- ciations Fanshawe has described m a n y more than those mentioned here which are readily recognized and de- fined.
They Can be mapped and their characteristics pre- cisely stated. The five British West African territories, the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast,1 Nigeria and the British Cameroons Trusteeship territory , are all strips of country of varying width and length extending inwards from the coast. They therefore consist of Varying cross- sections of the vegetation belts which extend across the whole of West Africa from west to east.
M y own experience is limited to Nigeria and the Cameroons, but most of what I have to say would apply equally to Ghana and Sierra Leone. M a n y of these reserves are being actively exploited for their timber and it is only in the hilly country in the extreme east, bordering on the Cameroons, that there are considerable areas of forest which are not at present being exploited and are in a relatively undisturbed condition.
In the smaller forest reserves of Western Nigeria some fine fragments of forest still remain, but these are probably all old secondary communities, not relics of virgin forest.
In the O k o m u Forest Reserve for example, Dr. Jones has shown that throughout the “high bush” there are fragments of pottery, char- coal, etc. The 1. Now Ghana. This state of affairs makes a formidable difficulty for the study of vegetation; in addition to the variation due to climate, soil and topography there is superimposed a considerable variation depending on a time-factor which cannot easily be measured and on the kind and intensity of human interference.
If allowance is made as far as possible for the effects of human interference, can distinct associations or other units of vegetation be recognized in the humid forest belt of Nigeria? It can be said at once that “forest types” as distinct as those met with in one area in British Guiana do not seem to exist in Nigeria, partly perhaps because there is less variety of soil, but some variation in the vegetation exists which can be corre- lated with differences of climate, and some but of rather small importance which seems to depend on soil; in addition there are differences between the compo- sition of the forests in Eastern and Western Nigeria which m a y be due to historical factors and the geo- graphical barrier of the Niger.
The first distinction which was recognized in the Nigerian forest apart from that between the upland and lowland forests which I do not want to discuss now, was that between the evergreen forest and what earlier writers called mixed deciduous forest. In the most humid parts of the forest belt, i. Towards its inland boundary this forest becomes more or less gradually different in floristic composition though not fundamentally different in structure or physiognomy except for the greater proportion of trees deciduous for a considerable period.
The change from evergreen to mixed deciduous forest coincides with a slight change of climate and also with a change in the soil-forming material from sedimentary to crystalline rock. Some recent writers have argued that mixed deciduous forest is heterogeneous, that it is not climatically determined but dependent on the substra- tum and that the name is misleading or inappropriate.
After revisiting Nigeria in I a m inclined to be unsympathetic to this point of view and to revert to the older opinion that there is a distinctive forest type, determined mainly by climate, for which the name mixed deciduous forest is at least as good as any other which has been suggested.
W h e n we try to make further distinctions, e. Rosevear [8] has suggested very tentatively that there are four types of lowland rain forest in Nigeria, charac- teristic of Ondo Province, Ijebu Province and Benin Province in Western Nigeria, and of the Eastern Pro- vinces respectively. Rosevear’s Ondo type largely corresponds with what I a m here referring to as mixed deciduous forest. The other three types are variants of evergreen forest; to what extent the differences are due to climatic factors, edaphic factors or to geographical barriers remains to be determined.
It seems probable that the marked differences between the western and eastern forests are due largely to historical factors and the geographical barrier formed by the Niger and Cross rivers, but whether climatic differences are also important is not yet clear.
The differences between the Ijebu and Benin forests are perhaps dependent on differences of soil. To what extent these two types represent stages in a single continuum is difficult to determine when so much of the forest of the intervening region has been destroyed. I will not pursue m y discussion of the vegetation of British West Africa but will close, if I m a y , with a few general remarks on the theme of this symposium, the study of tropical vegetation, in particular the prob- lems of classification and nomenclature which it raises.
The aim of ecology in its synecological or phyto- sociological aspect in the tropics as in other parts of the world, is to describe, name and classify plant com- munities, not simply for classification’s sake, but in order to bring to light causal relations between the vegetation on the one hand and the environment on the other.
What I have said about British Guiana and British West Africa m a y at least indicate how much remains to be done and some of the difficulties which will have to be surmounted before such aims can be realized in the humid tropics. As is well known there is no general agreement as to how temperate plant communities should be classi- fied and named. It is not to be expected that agree- ment should be reached any more easily for the highly complex plant communities of the tropics.
The first constructive suggestion I should like to make is that even more important than an agreed scheme of classi- fication and nomenclature is some measure of standardi- 46Guyane et Afrique-Occidentale britanniques zation in our methods of describing and sampling vege- tation units. A natural classification of any set of natural phenomena presupposes a fairly complete knowledge of the facts on which the classification can be based.
With tropical vegetation we are still far from such knowledge. This scheme was intended to give foresters and others working in the tropics some guid- ance in collecting descriptive data about tropical vegetation. It seems to have proved useful and a new version, brought up to date and perhaps extended to include communities other than forest communities, might be even more useful and would perhaps help towards the objects we have in view. La by their authors to apply to one region of the tropics alone.
There are, for example, Beard’s scheme for the vegetation of tropical America which I have already mentioned and Professor van Steenis’ very valuable classification of the vegetation types of Malaysia [9]. For India and Ceylon we have Professor Champion’s elaborate classification of the forest types of India and Burma [3].
Though we must beware of premature attempts to equate plant communities in one part of the world with those in other very distant parts, it might be well worth while for those with suitable experience to compare these schemes and see exactly where they differ. It might then be worth examining how far Beard’s scheme could be applied to Africa and Asia or Champion’s to Africa and tropical America. But in doing this we must not let ourselves be trapped in questions of pure classification and nomenclature; our object, as I said before, must be to trace causal relations between the vegetation and the factors which determine it.
Discussion D R. Although several delegates have stated that it is necessary to have a uniform system of classification, this is not at present practicable, for two reasons—firstly, communities are classified for various purposes and, secondly, with our present knowledge it is not often possible to equate plant communities in one area with those of another.
It is very desirable however to have a uniform system of describing vegetation types. Are the distinct vegetation types mentioned in British Guiana regarded as resulting from the differences in soil or are the soil differences the result of the difference in vegetation? I cannot give the evidence in a brief reply, but in m y opinion the differences in the vegetation types result from the differences in the soils rather than vice versa.
Richards’ paper, Dr. Fosberg asked “whether differences in soils would bring about differences in vegetation or vice versa”. I think that each influences the other, forming what can be called a soil-vegetation complex. The relationships of savanna to soil near Barreiras in Brazil, where extensive soil-vegetation studies were carried out by the speaker and M r. The savanna formation showed, in aerial photographs, areas of greater density of vegetation, although there was no appa- rent difference in the nature of the soil.
Trenches were dug down to 7 metres and revealed that in areas of thicker vegeta- tion there was a deep clay pan on which water accumulated, supplying the plants during the dry season and thus enabling the vegetation to grow thicker. I and II, J. London, , Chap. Born in Rochester, New York, 28 October Joined the United States Forest Service in and since then has continuously served on forest management assign- ments in various localities, except during World War II when he served with the U.
Army as captain in the China-Burma- India theatre. The latest calculation made by the Bureau of Forestry in October , showed the following situation as regards broad vegetation types: commercial forests, 11,, hectares Over 3, indigenous species of trees which attain a diameter of one foot or more have so far been iden- tified. The most important family represented is the Dipterocarpaceae. From the point of view of timber volume, representatives of this family comprise about 75 per cent of the standing timber in the Philippines.
The important dipterocarp species are white luan Pantacme contorta , Red luan Shorea negrosensis , Tangile Shorea polysperma , Apitong Dipterocarpus grandifloris , Yakal Shorea sp. The present distribution of Philippine forests repre- sents a contraction of a very much more widespread forested area. The development of permanent agricul- ture, and heavy commercial exploitation of the forests have changed the vegetal cover of the Philippines to a tremendous extent during the past 50 years.
Much of the area commercially exploited for timber did not revert to a second growth of tree species. The better soils and more accessible areas were cultivated while the remainder reverted to herbaceous species and shrubs, principally Imperata sp.
As a result the remaining forested areas are located in the unsettled interior regions, in areas of rough topography or in areas bordering the Pacific Coast which are difficult of access.
The Bureau of For- estry has conducted a great m a n y local surveys or “timber cruises” in various parts of the country, pri- marily to obtain necessary volume and composition data preparatory to commercial penetration.
These were all based on the conventional sampling technique used in forest inventory work. Nonstandard To have current possession of. Used in the past tense form with the meaning of the present: They got a nice house in town. To have as an obligation. Used in the present perfect form with the meaning of the present: I have got to leave early. You’ve got to do the dishes. Nonstandard To have as an obligation. Used in the past tense with the meaning of the present: They got to clean up this mess.
To become or grow to be: eventually got well. To be successful in coming or going: When will we get to Dallas? To be able or permitted: never got to see Europe; finally got to work at home. To be successful in becoming: get free of a drug problem.
Used with the past participle of transitive verbs as a passive voice auxiliary: got stung by a bee. To become drawn in, entangled, or involved: got into debt; get into a hassle. Informal To depart immediately: yelled at the dog to get. To work for gain or profit; make money: Do you feel as though you’re exhausting yourself getting and not making enough for spending? Progeny; offspring: a thoroughbred’s get. Chiefly British Slang git 2. Sports A return, as in tennis, on a shot that seems impossible to reach.
To make understandable or clear: tried to get my point across. To be convincing or understandable: How can I get across to the students? To be or continue to be on harmonious terms: gets along with the in-laws. To manage or fare with reasonable success: can’t get along on those wages.
To go away; leave: The store owner told the children to get along. To circumvent or evade: managed to get around the rules. To travel from place to place: It is hard to get around without a car. To touch or reach successfully: The cat hid where we couldn’t get at it. To try to make understandable; hint at or suggest: I don’t know what you’re getting at. To discover or understand: tried to get at the cause of the problem. Informal To bribe or influence by improper or illegal means: He got at the judge, and the charges were dismissed.
To leave or go away: wanted to come along, but couldn’t get away. To succeed at a level of minimal acceptability or with the minimal amount of effort: just got by in college. To succeed in managing; survive: We’ll get by if we economize. To be unnoticed or ignored by: The mistake got by the editor, but the proofreader caught it.
To give one’s attention. Often used with to : Let’s get down to work. To exhaust, discourage, or depress: The heat was getting me down. Informal To lose one’s inhibitions; enjoy oneself wholeheartedly. To enter: got in the garage. To become or cause to become involved: She got in with the wrong crowd. Repeated loans from the finance company got me deeper in debt.
To succeed in making or doing: got in six deliveries before noon. To become involved in: got into trouble by stealing cars. Informal To be interested in: got into gourmet cooking. To affect, especially negatively: What’s gotten into you lately?
To start, as on a trip; leave. To fire a round of ammunition, for example : got off two shots before the deer disappeared. To obtain a release or lesser penalty for: The attorney got her client off with a slap on the wrist. To get permission to leave one’s workplace: got off early and went fishing. Informal To act or speak with effrontery: Where does he get off telling me to hurry up? To feel great pleasure or gratification: gets off on gossiping about coworkers. To be or continue on harmonious terms: gets on well with the neighbors.
To acquire understanding or knowledge: got on to the con game. To leave or escape: Our canary got out. To get across: got over the ditch. To finish or assist in finishing: The rat got through the maze. His mother got him through the college application process. To succeed in making contact: telephoned but couldn’t get through. To make oneself understood: What do I need to do to get through to you? To begin. Used with the present participle: got to reminiscing. To start to deal with: didn’t get to the housework until Sunday.
To influence or affect, especially adversely: The noise really gets to me. To bring together; gather: getting the author’s correspondence together. To arrive at an agreement: The feuding parties finally got together. To arise from bed or rise to one’s feet: She got up and opened the door. To act as the creator or organizer of: got up a petition against rezoning.
To bring into one’s grasp, possession, or control. Now you’re really going to get it! To become filled with energy or excitement. He couldn’t get out of his date on Saturday. Usage Note: The use of get in the passive, as in We got sunburned at the beach, is generally avoided in formal writing.
In less formal contexts, however, the construction can provide a useful difference in tone or emphasis, as between the sentences The demonstrators were arrested and The demonstrators got arrested. The first example implies that the responsibility for the arrests rests primarily with the police, while the example using get implies that the demonstrators deliberately provoked the arrests. This arose probably by dropping the helping verb have from the past perfects have got, has got.
We’ve got to go, we’ve got a lot of problems became We got to go, we got a lot of problems. The reanalysis of got as a present-tense form has led to the creation of a third-person singular gots in some varieties of English. A document presented by a husband to his wife whereby a divorce is effected between them according to Jewish religious law.
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